Pet owners can easily take care of their animals with the help of a veterinarian. Today, our Torrance vets will discuss urinalysis for dogs and cats, as well as how to understand your pet's urinalysis results.
What is a Urinalysis?
A urinalysis is a simple diagnostic test that determines the physical and chemical properties of urine. It is primarily used to evaluate the health of the kidneys and urinary system, but it can also reveal issues with other organ systems. All pets eight years of age and older should have a yearly urinalysis. A urinalysis may also be recommended a wellness examination if your pet has increased water intake, increased frequency of urination, or visible blood in the urine.
How is Urine Collected?
There are three ways to collect urine from cats and dogs:
Catheterization: Catheterization is a less invasive method of extracting urine from the bladder in dogs and is an excellent choice when a voluntary sample is unavailable, particularly in male dogs. A very narrow sterile catheter is inserted into the bladder through the lower urinary passage (called the urethra).
Cystocentesis: Urine is collected from the bladder using a sterile needle and syringe. The benefit of cystocentesis is that the urine is not contaminated by debris from the lower urinary tract. This sample is ideal for evaluating the bladder and kidneys as well as detecting bacterial infection. The procedure is slightly more invasive than others and is only useful if the pet's bladder is full.
Mid-stream Free Flow: The pet urinates voluntarily, and a sample is collected into a sterile container as the pet urinates. This type of sample is frequently referred to as a "free flow" or "free catch" sample. The benefits of this method include the fact that it is completely non-invasive and that the pet owner can collect the urine sample at home.
Understanding the Results of a Urinalysis
There are four main parts to a urinalysis:
- Assess appearance: color and turbidity (cloudiness).
- Measure the concentration (also known as the density) of the urine.
- Measure pH (acidity) and analyze the chemical composition of the urine.
- Examine the cells and solid material (urine sediment) present in the urine using a microscope.
For accurate analysis, urine samples should be examined within 30 minutes of collection since various factors like crystals, bacteria, and cells can modify the composition by dissolving or multiplying. If you collect a urine sample at home, please promptly return it to your veterinary clinic. In most cases, the precise timing of urine collection is not significant, unless we are assessing your pet's urine concentration or screening for Cushing's disease. If we are conducting screenings for Cushing's disease or evaluating your pet's ability to concentrate urine, it is recommended to obtain a urine sample in the early morning.
Urine Color
Healthy urine typically exhibits a color ranging from pale yellow to light amber and appears clear or slightly cloudy. Dark yellow urine often indicates the need for increased water intake or dehydration in pets. Conversely, urine that deviates from the yellow color spectrum (e.g., orange, red, brown, or black) may contain abnormal substances not typically found in healthy urine, suggesting an underlying health concern.
Elevated turbidity or cloudiness in urine signifies the presence of cells or solid materials. This turbidity intensifies when there is blood, inflammatory cells, crystals, mucus, or debris in the urine. The sediment within the urine sample will be carefully analyzed to identify its constituents and determine its clinical significance.
Concentration
Concentration refers to the density of urine. A healthy kidney produces urine that is dense or concentrated, while dogs and cats with watery or dilute urine may indicate an underlying disease.
When there is an excess of water in the body, the kidneys allow it to be eliminated through urine, resulting in a more watery or dilute urine. Conversely, if there is a shortage of water, the kidneys conserve water and produce more concentrated urine.
Occasional instances of dilute urine in dogs or cats may not necessarily be a cause for concern. However, if a pet consistently passes dilute urine, it could indicate an underlying kidney or metabolic disorder that warrants further investigation.
Chemical Composition
The acidity of urine is determined by its pH level. In healthy pets, the urine pH typically falls within the range of 6.5 to 7.0. When the pH is either acidic or alkaline, it creates an environment where bacteria can flourish, and the risk of crystal or stone formation increases. It is important to note that normal variations in urine pH can occur throughout the day, especially after consuming certain foods or medications.
If a single urine pH reading deviates from the normal range but the rest of the urinalysis appears normal, there is usually no cause for immediate concern. However, if the pH consistently remains abnormal, it may prompt your veterinarian to investigate further and determine any underlying issues.
Urine Sediment
Some of the cells present in the urine can include:
Red Blood Cells: Red blood cells may indicate bladder wall or kidney trauma or irritation. In pets with bladder or kidney infections, bladder stones, or interstitial cystitis, the technician will find red blood cells in the urine. It may also be an early sign of cancer of the urinary tract.
White Blood Cells: White blood cells could indicate an infection or an inflammatory process in the bladder or kidney.
Protein: Protein should not be found in urine on a dipstick test. A positive protein in urine test may indicate a bacterial infection, kidney disease, or blood in the urine.
Sugar: Urine should not contain any sugar. The presence of sugar in the urine may signal the presence of Diabetes mellitus.
Ketones: If your pet tests positive for ketones in its urine, a Diabetes Mellitus workup will be performed. Ketones are abnormal byproducts that your pet's cells produce when they lack an adequate energy source.
Bilirubin: Bilirubinuria is an abnormal finding that indicates that red blood cells in your pet's bloodstream are being destroyed at a faster than normal rate. It has been found in pets suffering from liver disease and autoimmune diseases. Remember that pets with blood in their urine due to a bladder infection can falsely stain the bilirubin pad on the dipstick, raising the possibility of a more serious liver problem.
Urobilinogen: Urobilinogen in urine indicates that the bile duct is open and bile can flow from the gallbladder into the intestine.
Blood: Blood in a dog's or cat's urine can indicate an infection, an inflammatory problem, or stones in the bladder or kidney. The dipstick can detect red blood cells or other blood components, such as hemoglobin or myoglobin, in your pet's urine.
Crystals: There are numerous types of crystals that vary in size, shape, and color. Some crystals are one-of-a-kind and can aid in the diagnosis of a specific condition. In more common conditions, such as bladder infections, the crystals provide data that can influence how the disease is treated. Because crystals can form in urine after it has been collected, your veterinarian may want to examine a fresh sample right away.
Bacteria: The presence of bacteria as well as inflammatory cells in the sediment suggests that there is a bacterial infection somewhere in the urinary system. The urine should ideally be sent to a laboratory for culture and sensitivity testing to determine what types of bacteria are present and which antibiotic should be used to treat the infection.
Tissue Cells: While not necessarily a sign of disease, increased cellularity has been linked to several conditions, including urinary tract inflammation, bladder stones, prostate issues, and cancer. Catheterization samples frequently contain an increased number of tissue cells. If the cells appear abnormal, your veterinarian may advise you to have the sediment cytologically prepared. This enables a more in-depth examination of the tissue cells.
